Transforming static trusses into shape morphing systems using principles of quadrilateral linkages
Trusses are valued for their simple design principles and efficient load-bearing capability. However, their slow assembly process and static topology restrict rapid deployment and reconfiguration for functional use. Mechanical linkages, in contrast, offer rapid deployability and reconfigurability but are challenging to apply as large-scale civil structures. These challenges raise the question: Can the design versatility of trusses be combined with the kinematic advantages of mechanical linkages to create structurally efficient, deployable, and reconfigurable large-scale systems? To that end, we present a method inspired by flat-foldable quadrilateral linkages to transform static trusses into compactly stowable, reconfigurable systems. An additional node is introduced on the tensile members of triangular units based on Grashof linkage principles. This node converts triangles into flat-foldable quadrilateral linkages, enabling system-level reconfigurability while preserving the load capacity, stiffness and stability of the structure. We show that the Fink, Scissor, and Warren trusses can be transformed into reconfigurable systems, achieving up to 93\% and 60\% reduction in convex hull area and maximum length, respectively, upon actuation of all degrees of freedom. Our method also extends to topology-optimized trusses, enabling the design of functional, shape-morphing trusses for arbitrary geometries, loads, and support conditions. Proof-of-concept prototypes, including a reconfigurable cantilever and a three-meter Warren truss bridge, validate feasibility while demonstrating load capacities and stiffness comparable to their static counterparts. We believe the proposed method will advance the design, analysis and fabrication of sophisticated bar-linked reconfigurable structures with potential applications in deployable infrastructure, aerospace systems, robotic components, consumer devices, metamaterials, and more.